Metabolic conditions heavily contribute to coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, causing 470,000 deaths annually in Indonesia. Cigarette smoking (64.9%) is the most prevalent risk factor among men, followed by elevated total cholesterol (30%), hypertension (22.8%), excess body weight (19.6%), and diabetes (5.6%). On the other hand, in women, elevated total cholesterol (39.6%) is the leading risk factor, followed by excess body weight (32.9%), hypertension (28.8%), and diabetes (7.7%). Metabolic abnormalities significantly contribute to these outcomes, accounting for 78% and 98% of CHD of death in men and women, respectively.

Current strategies for metabolic diseases prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment often fall short due to their generalized approach. Lifestyle modifications, such as diet and exercise, are crucial but do not account for individual genetic differences. Early diagnosis typically relies on routine screenings like cholesterol and blood pressure tests, as well as imaging tests such as echocardiograms and angiograms for cardiovascular diseases. However, these methods can miss early signs in individuals who are genetically predisposed to metabolic diseases. Treatment options, while effective for some, may not work optimally for all due to genetic variations, leading to inconsistent responses and potential side effects, such as adverse reactions to statins or antihypertensive drugs.

Clinico-genomic research offers a solution by integrating genetic data into metabolic diseases. This approach enables personalized prevention strategies, early and precise diagnosis, and tailored treatments based on an individual’s unique genetic makeup. By uncovering genetic markers linked to metabolic diseases, researchers can develop more accurate predictive models and innovative therapies. Clinico-genomic research promises to enhance metabolic health outcomes, reduce disease incidence, and pave the way for longer, healthier lives.